THE INDIGENOUS WITHIN

A Cross Curricular Study


What is their language?


Angel Kanaiti

Combinations of Spanish and Guaraní are common in Paraguay.
Maka School
Luz Maria Ojeda, Director of a Language School speaking at Maká Indian school.

  • What purposes does language serve?
  • How does a language develop and change?
  • How is language taught and learned?
  • What happens if a language is lost?
  • Are some languages lost?


Facts about Guarani Language

http://www.terere.com/terere/canales/paraguay4u/guaranilanguage/guaranifactsabout.php



vocab

Paraguay is unique in that one of the native languages, Guarani, remains commonly used throughout the country. Threads of the Guarani language are  interwoven into Paraguayan culture. Guarani and Spanish languages have been used in dialog for over 400 years.  How did Guarani develop?  During the 1500's the arrival of Spanish speaking Conqueros and Missionaries customs altered the evolution of the Indigenous people.  Beliefs, customs and language changed as a result of the encounters.  For example, when nomadic groups formed villages, which was unlike their custom, the need for different words and communication became necessary.  Paraguay has two distinct geographical regions, the Chaco, or plains and the eastern region which was more forested.  Prior two the arrival of the Spaniards groups from the two areas fought.  Spaniards offered help to in return for assistance through the harsh land enroute to Bolivia and their pursuit of gold.  The Guarani also offered women to the Spaniards who later returned to Guarani speaking children.  Women and isolation kept the language intact, a key to a necessary alliance.  The arrival of the Jesuit missionaries also affected the native language.  A written form emerged as a result.  How will this language continue to evolve?

 


 

Languages in Paraguay, as with many other places, developed from needs to communicate and reflects the unique relationship to geography and the natural world in which the native people live.  Words like "Paraguay" and "Parana" describe important waterways.  "Itaipu" means rocks that sing.  Jaguar and other animal and plant names have Guarani roots.  Many of the Guarani words are onomatopoetic, which means they sound like their meaning.  For example, piriri-shiver, sununu-thunder, pororo-popcorn, chororo-water running.  Why has Guarani persisted while other languages are lost?  Could it be partially attributed to the suggestion that their lifestyle and beliefs allowed them to take time to sit and talk and teach?

boy with kite

 yalve sango

Five distinctive linguistic families exist in Paraguay, out of which a number of various languages and dialects arose.  Out of those, Paraguayan Guarani became most commonly used.  A survey of customary speech indicated that 50% of Paraguay's population speaks Spanish and Guarani and an additional 37% speak Guarani only.  Although 87% of the people speak Guarani, it took until 1990 to declare it a second official language along with Spanish.

school
maka game
boy making kite

In Paraguay today indigenous people represent a small part of the total population.  Their language has been influenced by encounters with other cultures and subsequent changes in lifestyle. Economically, they are very poor which indicates a need to develop a sustainable way of life without losing their identity.  Yet their ancient language has survived.  Language holds many secrets, about the people, the land, and their approach to meeting human needs without destroying what sustains them.  All people must find ways to survive and be able to communicate.  When a language is lost what knowledge do we all lose as a result?  Could there be unknown cures for diseases?  What other solutions could there have been in languages now extinct?  What can we learn from languages that exist today?  How can we preserve endangered languages?

Language Explorations

What were the first languages used in the area where you live?

How did this language evolve?

How does the language reflect the values of the people that use it?

What is being done to preserve this language?

What is the importance of maintaining this language?

Links for exploring language

Learn some Guaraní on-line
http://www.terhttp://www.terere.com/terere/canales/paraguay4u/guaranilanguage/guarani.phpere.com/terere/canales/paraguay4u/guaranilanguage/guarani.php
http://www.falevi.edu.py
http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~sngynan/f99paper.html
http://www.ipola.org/resources/directory/index.html
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/10/g912/globalization.html
http://www.uni-mainz.de/~lustig/guarani/
http://www.languages-on-the-web.com/links/link-guarani.htm
http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/guides/guarani.html
http://www.ethnologue.com/

Additional Activities

Use a language dictionary to write a postcard in Guarani or another native language.
TAP guia Paraguay is a guidebook that has a language dictionary in four languages including Guarani.


What words do you need to communicate? What are the effects of language barriers? Make a list of the most important words and phrases. Invent your own language words for your list. Meet with a different group and try to communicate.
concepcion girl
maka welcome
Jajoecha peve. See you later.

Introduction
Objectives
Who are they?
History
Language
Arts and crafts
Endangered species
Future

Resources

Assessment


Jennifer Klimsza, Art Teacher, Joseph Middle/High School
Lori Kissinger, Elementary Teacher, Joseph Elementary School
Jennesta Nettles,  University of Idaho